Oral health status in the geriatric patient

Ageing is associated with a number of changes to the oral cavity. These may include:

• Loss of volume, elasticity and stippling in the oral mucosa.
• Reduced saliva production.
• Impaired sense of taste.
• Calcification and sclerosis of the dentin tubules.
• Calcification of blood vessels and nerves in the pulpal chamber.
• Reduction in pulp volume, blood supply and reparative capacity.
• Loss of bone and muscle mass.

These physiological changes can interact with systemic, behavioural, lifestyle and socioeconomic factors to increase the risk of oral health conditions in the elderly.

Edentulism

While the prevalence of edentulism varies widely by region, we have seen an overall decline in recent decades, particularly in developed nations. Retaining the dentition can help to preserve nutrition, speech and quality of life, but the presence of aged teeth presents challenges of its own.

Periodontal disease and dental caries

The British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry (BASCD) notes that periodontal disease and dental caries are highly prevalent in the older UK population, especially in residential care settings. They add that 96% of over-65’s have exposed root surfaces due to the cumulative effects of periodontal disease, leaving them susceptible to root caries. Periodontal disease is highest in the 65-84 age group, with 60% showing at least one periodontal pocket of >4mm depth.

Xerostomia

Xerostomia, or dry mouth, is common in old age, largely due to increased reliance on medications. The BASCD notes that dry mouth is one of the most common side effects of the 200 most-prescribed medications, and it increases the risk of other oral health conditions like mucositis, caries, and oral candidiasis.

Prostheses and restorations

Prostheses and restorations are common in older adults, partly due to the high prevalence of dental caries before the widespread use of fluoride toothpastes. While they help to preserve function, they can also increase the risk of periodontal disease and caries by impeding oral hygiene. There is also a greater risk of damage or failure in older restorations.

Dietary choices

Dietary preferences in the elderly can be affected by oral health changes. For example, sarcopenia, mucositis or tooth loss can lead the patient to favour softer foods that are typically high in fermentable carbohydrates, increasing caries and periodontal disease risk.

Treatment considerations in geriatric patient care

Comorbidities

The World Health Organization (WHO) says that the most common health conditions experienced by the elderly include hearing loss, vision problems, musculoskeletal pain, arthritis, diabetes, depression and dementia. Some conditions can impact the patient’s motivation to perform oral hygiene, or limit their physical or cognitive ability to do so. Impaired glycemic management associated with diabetes can also increase the risk of periodontal disease, which can in turn make glycemic control more difficult to achieve.

Certain comorbidities can also complicate the administration of local anaesthetic. For example, epinephrine is contraindicated in:

• Bronchial asthma with sulphite hypersensitivity.
• Narrow angle glaucoma (increases intraocular pressure).
• Hyperthyroidism (thyroxine increases sensitivity to epinephrine and can lead to hypertension and tachycardia).
• Paroxysmal tachycardia.
• High-frequency cardiac arrhythmias.
• Severe hypertension.
• Recent myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass.

Polypharmacy and drug interactions

With increasing health concerns comes an increased reliance on medications. In the US, 39% of older adults take at least five medications daily, and the Journal of the Canadian Dental Association estimates that older adults will account for 40% of all prescription medication use in the nation by 2040.

In addition to causing xerostomia, medications present challenges in geriatric care in the form of drug interactions. For example, epinephrine is known to interact with MAO inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, beta blockers, and oral anti-diabetic drugs.

Pharmacokinetics

Certain age-related physiological changes can alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs commonly used in dentistry. Notable changes include:

• An increased volume of distribution in lipophilic drugs due to excess adipose tissue.
• Slower metabolism and extended action of drugs due to altered enzyme activity and reduced hepatic extraction.

The dental professional may need to alter the dosage of certain medications in order to achieve appropriate plasma concentration.

Local anaesthesia

In elderly patients, the conservative use of epinephrine is advised. Articaine-based solutions marketed by Septodont* are available in two concentrations, allowing the clinician to minimise epinephrine dosage in higher-risk patients. They contain 4% articaine*, an amide-type anaesthetic often favoured in geriatric patients because it can also be metabolised extra-hepatically. Where epinephrine is contraindicated, a vasoconstrictor-free anaesthetic like the mepivacaine-based 3% plain solution marketed by Septodont* is a suitable alternative.

Other considerations for treating the geriatric patient

Forward planning

For patients in their 50’s, it is prudent to discuss the changes they can expect to see in the coming years, any specific risks they may face, and any preventative or restorative measures they can take now to maintain their oral health.

Proactive risk management

For patients at high risk of dental caries (e.g. those in residential care), the pre-emptive use of high-fluoride varnish is supported. Other risk management strategies include proactive treatment of dry mouth, the recommendation of sugar-free medications where possible, and more frequent recall of around three to four months. For patients with limited dexterity or other physical barriers, aids like electric toothbrushes, floss holders, water flossers or modified toothbrushes should be recommended.

Patient oral health education

Today’s older generation came of age in a time when the connection between oral and systemic diseases, like cardiovascular disease and diabetes, was not widely understood. Educating patients on this connection and the shared risk factors, like high sugar consumption, may motivate patients and their carers to maintain positive oral health and dietary habits. Dental professionals should also actively address misconceptions about ageing and oral health (e.g. “It’s natural to lose your teeth as you age.”).

Multidisciplinary coordination

Given the high risk of comorbidities and polypharmacy in elderly patients, it is especially important to get a thorough picture of the patient’s medical history. Proactive liaison with the patient’s other care providers can ensure that all parties have a clear and consistent picture of the patient’s overall health and that all treatments are aligned.

Carer outreach

Carers, which can include loved ones, in-home providers, or residential facility staff, are often undertrained and/or unequipped in oral healthcare. The BASCD reports significant gaps in oral health training and provision in elderly care facilities, a need likely to be even greater in informal or in-home care arrangements.

Dental professionals can help to bridge these gaps by proactively engaging with carer support groups, healthcare agencies, and residential or nursing facilities. Possible outreach methods include “coffee mornings”, training sessions, lectures, educational resources, policy reviews, on-site screenings, or community programmes.

Access to care

Personal independence can vary greatly among the elderly population. Mobility problems, lack of reliable transport, or costs associated with treatment can all present barriers to dental care access. Dental professionals can support patients by offering flexible payment options, signposting financial aid resources, or implementing mobile or community oral healthcare services.

Sensory or communication barriers

Those with cognitive or sensory difficulties may find it difficult to make or remember appointments, or may find attending an appointment to be a distressing experience due to sensory or communication difficulties. RDH Magazine offers an extensive guide to managing these barriers and providing effective treatment.

Continuing geriatric dentistry education

A recent study reported in the BMC Geriatrics Journal found that only 2.6% of dentists displayed good knowledge of geriatric dental care, and 30% considered their knowledge and experience insufficient in treating older adults with complex medical problems. In order to meet the needs of this growing population, dentists are strongly encouraged to invest in continuing education centred on geriatric dentistry.

In summary…

The oral care needs of geriatric patients can be complex and varied. As this population grows, dentists can ensure that they provide the highest standard of care through careful attention to medical history, proactive multidisciplinary coordination, and the continuing education of patients, carers and healthcare colleagues.